Atlas Económicos de Veracruz 2025: Subsector Comercio

Josefa Carolina  Fortuno Hernández; Rafael  Vela Martínez

doi:10.5281/zenodo.20616445

Economic Atlas of Veracruz 2025: Trade Industry

Authors

Dra. Josefa Carolina Fortuno Hernández

Universidad Veracruzana, Mexico

https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5744-3476

Dr. Rafael Vela Martínez

Universidad Veracruzana, Mexico

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4443-3719

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20616445

Keywords:

Trade (Wholesale and Retail), Commercial Dynamics, Commercial Expansion, Contribution to GNP (10.4%), Links to Employment and Local Competitiveness

Synopsis

Volume III, Commerce, showed that commercial activity acts as the link between production and consumption, contributing to the dynamism of local economies and to labor inclusion. Its internal heterogeneity—between modern, formal commerce and traditional, increasingly informal commerce—highlights the need for differentiated policies that promote formalization, training, and technological adoption.

Author Biographies

Dra. Josefa Carolina Fortuno Hernández, Universidad Veracruzana, Mexico

She holds a PhD in Public Finance from the Universidad Veracruzana, a Master's degree in Economics from the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), and a Bachelor's degree in Economics from the Universidad Veracruzana. She began her academic career at the Center for Economic Research and Teaching (CIDE) and was a professor in the Faculty of Economics at UNAM. Currently, she is a full-time researcher at the Institute of Economic and Social Research and Higher Studies (IIESES) of the Universidad Veracruzana and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI). She teaches in the doctoral program in economic and social research and in the Faculty of Economics at the Universidad Veracruzana; she is a founding member of Academic Group 502, "Public Finance and Regional Development," and a founding member of the Editorial Committee of the Faculty of Economics. Her research and publications focus on promoting the economic and regional development of the state of Veracruz.

Dr. Rafael Vela Martínez, Universidad Veracruzana, Mexico

He holds a Bachelor's degree in Economics, a Master's degree in Regional Development, and a Doctorate in Administration and Government. He is a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI-SECIHTI). He is an Academic Researcher at the Veracruzana University, affiliated with the Institute of Economic and Social Research and Higher Studies (IIESES-UV). He is the General Director of the consulting firm ENFOQUE VERACRUZ. He serves as Secretary of Regional Development for the College of Economists of the State of Veracruz A.C. He is a member of the CONAC/T Registry of Accredited Evaluators (RCEA) and holds a PRODEP Profile. He is the author of 41 books published by various institutions, including the Veracruzana University; the University of Quintana Roo; the University of La Ciénega in the state of Michoacán de Ocampo; the Mexican Association for Regional Development (AMECIDER); the College of Veracruz; and the University of Xalapa, among others. He teaches in the doctoral program in economic and social research at IIESES-UV. His research areas include: Development Planning; Urban-rural systems; Metropolitan areas; Reactivation of the agricultural sector and food security; and, Design of strategies to generate economic growth and employment.